Glazing construction.



w. P. WAUGH.-

GL-AZING CONSTRUCTION.-

APPucATxoN man MAR.|6.1912.

' 'Patented 00t.12,1915.

2 SHEETS-SHEET l.

' HOIHMJ W. P. WAUGH.

.GLAZING CONSTRUCTION. APPUCATIO FILED MAR. 16, 1912.

I 2 SHEETS-SHEET 2- 34" 22 23 /5 1,25/ 23 .Y FIGTZ 26 FIGS. V

Patented Oct. 12, 1915.

WILLIAM P. WAUGH, F NON TCLAIR, NEW JERSEY.

GLAZING CONSTRUCTION..

Specication of Letters Patent.

Patented oet. i2, i915.

Application led March 16, 1912. Serial No. 684,205. l

-To all 'whom t may concern: f

Be it known that I, WiLLIAM P. WAUGH, a citizen of the United States, residing in the town of Montclair, county of Essex, vand State of New Jersey, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Glazing Construction, of which the following is a specification.

This invention relates to improvements in glazing construction and particularly to certain improvements in glazing bars and accessories for use in the construction of skylights, windows, greenhouses and the like.

My invention contemplates improvements in the glazing bar; in means for protecting the glass and holding it in position; in means for rendering joints weatherproof; in means for protecting and preserving the packing material used and securing it against displacement both during construction and in the completed structure; improvements in condensation gutters and improvements in various other details of construction, as will be fully-set forth hereinafter. l

In the accompanying drawings which form a part of this specification, Figure 1 is a perspective view of a portion of a glazing bar embodying someof my improvements, showing portions of the panes of glass supported thereby, the bar being shown in this instance, for purposes of illustration, as particularly adapted for skylight constructiongFig. 2 is a transverse sectional view of` a well known form of glazing bar in combination with -some of my improved features of construction; Fig. 3 is a -transverse sectional view through another well known form of bar in connection with certain of my improvements; Fig. 4 is a longitudinal sectional view of a portion of the structure shown in Fig. 1 taken at the position indicated by the line IV-IV in Fig. l.; Fig. 5 is a side elevation of a structure of the form shown in Fig. 1, taken at a horizontal lap or joint between two panes of glass of a skylight, the glass being shown in section; Fig. 6 is a transverse section through adjacent skylight bars taken at the position indicated by the line VI-VI in Fig. 5, one of the bars being the marginal bar of the skylight; Fig. 7 is a longitudinal sectional View through the lapped portions of two panes of glass showing a retainer for .the packing strip between the panes; Fig. 8 1s a perspective view of the retainer shown in Fig. 7; Fig. 9 is a view similar to Fig. 7

showing a modied form of retainer; Fig..

ward between the edges of the panes of glass 4 supported on the ledgesI 2. The panes of glass are retained on the ledges by means of the cap 5..which passes over the top of the web 3 and is secured thereto in any suitable manner, preferably by means of the U bolts 6 passing through holes 7 formed in the web of the T. This general form of glass-retaining means'is disclosed in an application of Thomas I. Duffy, Serial No.

465,320, led November 30, 1908, and I there- `fore make no claim to the same broadly. It is to be understood, however, that I do notwish to limit myself to this specific type of construction, except where the claims appended to this specification expressly call for the same. The U. bolts 6 are provided with nuts 8 and washers 9 interposed between which and the glass-retaining member orcap 5 are washers or cushions 10 of a yielding and resilient material, preferably a composition the principal ingredient of which is ground cork. These washers provide a resilient connection between the cap and the glazing bar, and also prevent leakage through the holes in the cap through which the ends of the U bolts pass. In order to protect the cork washers 10 from possible damaging action of the weather,.I may inclose the same in cup-shaped lead caps 11. These caps, while thoroughly protecting the washers from the weather, are suificientlysoft and flexible to permit them to be crushed or telescoped by the screwing up of the nuts 8, so that they offer no resistan'ce to the compression of the cork washers and the obtaining of the benefits of the resilience of the latter. In some cases I may make the caps 11 of thin brass or other metalmore rigid than lead, and include the washer 9 as anA integral part of the cap. The caps would in such case be made somewhat shallower than the resilient washer 10. The holes 7 through which the U bolts pass are preferably elongated, as shown wir' Fig. 4, in order to allow for the independent eX- pansion and contraction ofthe cap 5 and supporting bar 1.

I may clamp the glass panes directlyA between the ledges 2 of the load-supporting bar and the cap 5, or l may embed the glass in putty in a well understood manner, but under most conditions either of these procedures is highly objectionable, as, owing to the irregularities in the surface contour of commercial skylight glass, it is impossible 'for the glass to ind an even bearing surface, and it is consequently unevenly stressed. When putty is interposed it is not only liable to crack and fall away, but it hardens to such an extent that it affords no yieldable cushionfor the glass. The inevitable result is an excessive breakage of glass throughout the life of the structure. l Such breakage is naturally particulai-ly marked where the building is subjected to vibration, as in the case of trainsheds and most factory buildings. over, packing must be inserted between the cap and the glass in order to render the joints leakage proof. 1 therefore interpose resilientv material between the supporting ledges and the glass and between the glass and the cap, as shown in Fig. 1. l have discovered that the material best adapted for this purpose consists of strips of finely ground cork composition, such strips being shown at 12 between the glass-supporting ledges and the glass, and at 13 between the glass and. the cap. I do ynot claim the use of cork composition for this purpose broadly in the present application, as the same is claimed in my application Serial No. 540,964 filed January 29, 1910. The cork composition Iof which 1 make these strips may be prepared in any of the well known ways for preparing such material. The material used for cork carpets is admirably adapted to my purposes. I prefer, however, to treat the material, during or subsequent to the process of manufacture, with both preservative and ireproofing agents. As a preservative, the material may be treated with creosote or its equivalent. Any of the well known processes for reproofing wood may be utilized to ireproof the cork co osition; for example, the silicate, sul ate' and phosphate of ammonia, or ammonium of carbonate process may be employed. My material when thus treated is exceedingly effective, not only insures uniform glass bearings and weatherproof joints, but possesses great durability and forms with the lass an effective barrier against damage by re.' My material, when so treated, is suerior to the lead packing strips sometimes used, as the lead melts.at al comparatively Morejoint loose and allowing tongues of flame to enter, while materials such as felt gr oakum, which are also sometimes used for packing purposes, are obviously not fire-resisting.

A most important advantage of my cork composition strips lies in their superior qualities as a glass-bedding material. They can be made of an absolutely uniform thickness and thus give the glass continuous and uniform support throughout its length. They possess the necessary shock-absorbing resilience to the nicety of degree required, which resilience is permanent. rthey may be easily manipulated, are free from lumps, have but little porosity, so that no capillary 'attraction occurs, and are not 'readily attacked either by the weather or by any of the fumes prevalent in various manufacturing establishments, round-houses, and trainsheds. ln all of these respects my cork composition is superior to any of the other packing materials which havebeen used for a like purpose, .with'which l am familiar. Lead is objectionable in case of fire, as above pointed out, and also because it has no resilience, but having been once pressed down by the glass it is incapable of resuming its initial shape upon the releasing of the pressure to which it is subjected, as in case ofthe temporary displacement of the glass. 1t does not give the glass the resilient and shock-absorbing support required if the glass is to be preserved against breakage because of vibration of the building. lBubber has also been `used for a packing material, but this is unsatisfactory as it vulcanizes and deteriorates rapidly with eX- posure to the weather, becoming hard and brittle instead of remaining elastic. 1t is also seriously aected by fumes. Felt, asbestos and oakum are unsatisfactory as glassbedding materials, as it is practically impossible to lay them evenly, lumps invariably occurring from place to place which subject the glass to uneven stresses, and they absorb moisture. These materials also rapidly mat down until their initial resilience almost entirely disappears. rl`hey also absorb moisture and are likely to deteriorate from the effects of the weather and of fumes.

ln addition to' the strips 12 and 13 of cork composition, l preferably interpose additional portions of the same material between theedges of the glass and the web 3 of the load-supporting member. These portions may be short pieces 14, as shown. in Fig. 4, placed at suitable intervals, or they may take the form of continuous strips 15, as shown in Fig; 5. lllhese strips or pieces, which I term anti-expansion spacers, prevent the glass from sliding laterally or exvp'anding into contact with bolts or metal of i porting bar, with the consequent risk of being broken by such contact. They prevent the chill of the glass being transmitted to the bar in case of contact, causing condensation to form on the same. And they also retain the strips 13 in position,` as will vbe hereinafter explained. In case the continuous strips 15- are used, they serve as an additional protection against leakage.

In building up a skylight or window according to my improved construction, I may' simply lay the several strips of cushioning material in their respective positions, or I may secure them to the load-supporting member and the glass, respectively, by means of a suitable cement, shellac, glue, or binder. I may, however, either in addition to an adhesive or in place thereof use metal clips or cork holders 16 for retaining the bedding strips 12 -and'thespacers 14, or 15, as the case may be, in position. As shown in Figs. 1 and 4, these clips 16 pass over the top of the web 3, the lower ends of the two legs of the clips being bent to form shoulders 17 which support the strips or spacers 14 or 15, the lportions of the cork holders beyond lthese shoulders being 'bent outwardly to form flanges 18 over which the strips '12 pass. These flanges 18 are provided with means to retain the strips 12 against displacement, these means in the form shown in Figs. 1 and 4 consisting of one or more prongsl 19 struck up from the flanges. The cork composition strips are retained in position by simply being pressed down upon these prongs. The cork holders 16 are Apreferably comparatively short pieces, as shown in Fig. 4, they being disposed at suitable intervals throughout the length of the bar. For engagement with the strips 13 resting on the upper surfaces of the panes of glass, the cap 5 is provided with horizontal bearing surfaces 20, the edges of which, 21, are flanged over to retain the strips 13 against outward movement, and also to protect the latter from the weather and sliding ice. These flanges 21 preferably do not extend at right angles to the surface of the glass, but are flared outward, as shown, and the' strips 13 are made of such thickness that they cannot `be` compressed to such an extent that the edges of the flanges 21 will engage or touch the glass and cause it Vto be chilled through the agency of frost. rlightening the nuts 8 on the U bolts 6 draws the legs of the cap 5 toward each other and moves the strips 13 inwardly until they press resiliently against the spacers 14 or 15 by which further movement of. the strips 13 is retarded and their inner edges are prevented from slipping upwardly'. The screwing up of the nuts 8 also serves positively to draw down the cap 5 in the direction of the glass@ and thus permits the desired pressure to be exerted upon the glass through the resilient strips and produces a perfectly water-tight joint. I

Where my glazing bar is to be used inI skylight construction, I may provide the same with gutters to carry off the condensation which may collect on the under-surface of the glass, and also to take care of any possible leakage around the edges of the glass. I may use any well known construction of gutter, but I prefer to use the 1mproved form of gutter shown in Figs. 1, 5 and 6. According to this construction, a pair of gutters 22 are provided, each gutter having a horizontal shoulder 23, which seats upon one of the lass-supporting ledges 2, and an upturned ange 24 at the inner edge of this shoulder, which lies in contact with a side of the web 3. .These flanges preferably extend higher than the upper surface of the glass, so that yif any leakage takes place between the upper surface of the glass' and the packing strips 13, such leakage' will be caught by this flange and 'the to retain thegutters in position upon the bar. The shoulders 17 of the clips or cork holders support thestrips 14 or 15 above the glass-,supporting ledges and thus provide channelsV 25 which serve to conduct away any leakage which may come in above the glass along the bar. This leakage, if any,

could not therefore increase the moisture in the interior atmosphere of the building, or the quantity of condensation forming on the inner side of the glass, which is very important. Beyond the shoulders 23 of the gutters 22 are the necessary downward, outward and upward legs to form the gutters proper. The upper leg is preferably bent at an angle of about forty-five degrees to the horizontal leg in order to provide sufiicient depth without approaching too nearly to the glass surface to prevent the passage of the condensation water from'the inner glass surface to the gutter.

Figs. 5 and 6 show the construction used where two panes of glass overlap to form lCO being carried down to overlap the lower section. Both panes of glass are held inV position in any suitable manner, but preferably against by means of glass-holding pieces 27, shown in detail in Fig. 10. These )ieces ,comprise members 28 adapted to be bo ed or wired to the web 3 of the load-supporting -bar by means of bolts 29, and members 30 which rest upon the upper surface of the glass, these members having at their ends bent over portions 31 forming hooks to engage the edges of the glass and retain-the glass against slipping down longitudinally of the load-supporting bars. These glass-holding pieces are preferably made of material of low thermal conductivity, such as sheet iron coated with lead. This prevents chilling of the glass which often causes the glass'to crack and also tends to increase the formation of frost on the glass.

In order to close the space between the lapped end margins of the panes of glass, I insert between the overlapping margins a packing strip 32 which is preferably made of cork composition, such as used for the glass-bedding strips. This strip is so placed as to leave a cross gutter above it for the condensation `from the upper pane. der to retain this packing strip in position, l utilize one or more retaining clips 33 spaced at intervals along the ends of the panes. Figs. 7 and 8 show one form of these retainers. The retainer is provided at one end with a hook 34 adapted to overhang the upper edge of the lower pane, and at the other end with an upturned flange 35 preferably formed for greater strength by folding the metal upon itself, as shown. This flange 35 engages the lower edge of the upper pane, sov that the retainer is held movement in either direction. These retainers will stretch sufficiently to permit the glass panes to expand independently of each other in the direction of their length. They are preferably made of material of low thermal conductivity such as lead-coated sheet metal, as are the glassholders 27. ln order to secure the packing strip to the retainer, the latter may be provided with a prong 36 punched out of the metal of the retainer. These retainers serve to hold the packing strips in positiony while the structure is being assembled, and also to prevent the packing strips from slipping out by reason of vibration or gravity, but it is also very desirable to hold the packing strips against movement in the upward longitudinal direction of the skylight, so as to prevent them from being blown from between the glass panes by the wind. It is for this reason that l make the flange 35 eX- tend high enough to engage the lower edge of the upper pane of glass and provide the prong 36 to prevent the above described up- .ivard movement of the packing strip.

ln Fig. 9 T have shown a modified construction of retainer in which, instead of providing a prong 36 upon which the packvertical leg 40.

messes ing strip is to be pressed down, lf form an intermediate flange 37 in the retainer, between which and the flange 35 the packing strip is gripped. The distance between the flanges 35 and 37 is preferably such that the strip 32 has to be pressed into place between them, which causes it to be held firmly in position during construction.

Fig. 6 shows at the left a bar 38 of a form adapted to be used at the margin of a skylight or window. An angle bar is used'for this purpose instead of a T bar, and the cap 39 is provided with one inclined leg and a ln Fig. 2 l have shown certain features of my invention used in connectionwith a standard form of sheet metal skylight bar 41. The bar shown in this figure comprises a central vertical member 42 to which is secured a sheet metal member 43, which is folded upon itself to form gutters 44, the upper portions of this member being bent at right angles to the member 42 to provide glass-supporting ledges 45. The edges ,of these glass-supporting ledges are flanged up as indicated at 46, channels being ,thus formed to receive and retain the bedding strips 12. The strips 13 are held in engagement with the upper surfaces of the panes of glass 4 by means of a cap 47 which is secured to the member 42 by means of rivets 43, or in any other suitable manner. Clips 49 are provided at intervals to support the spacing pieces or strips 5() above the glasssupporting ledges 45 in order to provide channels 25 through which possible leakage may be conducted away. These clips 49 may have the lower ends of their horizontal portions turned upward a short distance, as ndicated at 60, in order to prevent the spacers 50 from slipping od'.

In Fig. 3 l have shown features of my invention applied to another standard form of sheet metal glazing bar. The glazing bar shown inthis figure comprises the central member 51 which is surrounded` by sheet' supporting ledges, the sheet metal being folded upon itself at the bottom of the bar to form gutters 53. The glass bedding'strips 12 are held in position by means of clips 54, which are provided with shoulders 17 to support the spacing portions or strips 14. The edges of the horizontal portions of the clips 54 are turned up to form anges 55 which retain the strips 12, these flanges being Figs. 1 and 4. The panes of glass are retained in position by means of a cap 5 and strips 13 of the form shown in Fig. 1.

While 1 have shown in the described in detail in this specication certain preferred embodiments of my invention, it is to be understood that these embodiments are intended to be merely illustrative drawings and` of the principles of my invention and that my invention may be embodied in many other structures.

Having thus described my invention, I claim: v V

l. In glazing construction, a load-supporting member comprising a T bar, the web of which extends outward between the edges of panes of glass to be supported byv said bar, the flanges of said bar forming glasssupporting ledges, strips of waterproofing, non-capillary material supported on s aid ledges, panes of glass supported on said strips, second strips of said material resting on said panes of glass, third pieces of said material inserted between the edges of said panes and the web of the load-supporting bar, the inner edges of said second strips abutting against said third pieces, anda glass-retaining cap extending over the top of the web of the load-supporting bar, and adapted to exert pressure both downwardly and inwardly on said second strips.

2. In glazing construction, a load-supporting bar having glass-supporting surfaces, strips of glass-bedding material resting upon each of said surfaces, and means for retain' ing said strips in position comprising clips, the end portions of whichprest upon said glass-supporting surfaces under said strips, said end portions having portions struck up therefrom and entering the glass-bedding material.

3. In glazing construction,- a load-supporting member comprising a web and a glasssupporting ledge, a strip of glass-bedding material resting upon said ledge, and means for retaining said strip in position comprising a clip, a portion of which is bent over said web, another portion of said clip being provided with means for engaging said strip.

l. In glazing construction, a load-supporting member comprising a web and a glasssupporting ledge, a strip of resilient glassbedding material resting upon said ledge, and means for retaining said strip in position comprising a clip, a portion of which is bent over said web, the end portion of said clip passing between said ledge and said strip and being provided with means to prevent lateral movement of the strip.

5. In glazing construction, aload-supporting member comprising a web and a glasssupporting ledge, a strip of glass-bedding material resting upon said ledge, and means for retaining said strip in position coming a clip, a portion of which is bent over said web, the end portion of said clip passing between said ledge and said strip and being provided with a prong struck up therefrom and entering the material of the strip.

6. In glazing construction, a load-support 55 ing member comprising a web, and glass-suppane of glass resting upon said bedding strip, a spacer of resilient material inserted between said web and the edge of said glass, and means for supporting said spacer above said ledge, whereby a channel is formed between the edges of said bedding strips and said web and between said spacing portions and ledge. l

8. In glazing construction, a'load-supportig bar comprising a web and a glass-supporting ledge, a glass-bedding strip resting upon said ledge, but spaced from said web, a pane of glass resting upon said bedding strip, a spacing piece of resilient material inserted between said web and the edge of said glass, and means for supporting said spacing strip above said ledge, said means comprising a clip, a portion of which is bent over the edge of said web, said clip having a portion bent laterally away from said web to form a shoulder upon which said spacing piece rests.

9. In glazing construction, a load-supporting member comprising a web having glass-engaging ledges extending laterally therefrom, strips of resilient glass-bedding material resting on said ledges, but spaced from said web, panes of glass resting'on said strips, means for retaining said panes in engagement `with said strips, spacing pieces of resilient material inserted between the edges of said panes and said web, and clips comprising pieces of sheet metal eX- tending over the edge of said web, the legs of said clips being each bent away from said web near said ledges to form shoulders upon which said spacing pieces rest, the portions vof said clip beyond said shoulders engaging terial inserted -between said web and the edges of said panes of glass, the edges of said second strips engaging said spacing pieces, and clips passing over said Web and between the same and said spacing pieces,

ortions of said clips being bent away from said Web near said ledges' to form shoulders `upon which said spacing pieces rest, the portions of said clips beyond said shoulders being bent into engagement with said ledges and passing between said ledges and said bedding strips, said portions being provided with means to engage said bedding strips and prevent lateral movement of the same.

11. lnglazing construction, a load-supporting bar comprising a web and a glasssupporting ledge, a gutter mounted at the edge of said ledge, said gutter having a horizontal liange or shoulder resting upon said ledge, and an upturned'flange' adjacentto said web, a clip having a portion hooked over said web, and a portion engaging said upturned flange, a strip of glass-bedding material resting upon said horizontal shoulder, a pane of glass resting upon said strip, and -means for retaining said glass in engagement with said strip.

12.` ln glazing construction, a load-supporting bar comprising a web and a glasssupporting ledge, a gutter mounted at the edge of said ledge, said gutter having a horizontal flange or shoulder resting upon said ledge, and an upturned flange adjacent to said web, a clip having a portion hooked over said web, and a portion engaging said upturned flange, a strip of glass-bedding material resting upon said horizontal shoulder, a pane of glass resting upon said strip, means for retaining said glass in engagement with said strip, a spacing piece of resilient material inserted between the edge of said glass and said web, said clip passing between said spacing piece and said web, a ,portion of said clip near said ledge being bent away from said web to form a shoulder upon which said spacing piece rests, the end of said clip being bent away from saidl web posite intensa and passing between said glass-bedding strip and the horizontal shoulder portion of said gutter and being provided with means to engage said glass-bedding strip and prevent lateral movelnent of the same.

13. A. clip for retaining a packing strip `between overlappingpanes of glass comprising aY straight body portion having one end bent away to-form a hook and a flange at the other end thereof extending in the op# posite direction from said hook and adapted to engage and osition the edge of a pane of glass, a pro]ection extending from said body portion in the'same direction as said flange and' between the flange and the hook, and a shoulder 'extending beyond said flange and in the same plane as the body portion.

14. A clip for retalning a packing str p between overlapping panes'of glass comprisv ing a' straight strip of sheet metal having one end bent away to form a hook, and a flange formed by folding the other end thereof, said flange extending in the opdirection from said hook and being perpendicular to the body portion and adapted to engage and position the edge of apane of glass, the end of the Vstrip adjacent to the folded extendingbeyond said liange and in line with said body portion.

15. ln glazing construction, a ledge-supporting member comprising a web and;V a

glass-supporting ledge, a cork composition upon said ledge, a pane of glass bedded upon said strip, and a clip for holding said pane of'glass in position, said clip being formed of sheet metal coated with lead and comprising a'vertical member secured to the web of said load-supporting member, and a horizontal member engaging the surface of the pane of glass, said horizontal member having an extension hooked over the under-edge of said pane.

SEWARD Davis, EDMUND Quincy Mosns.

strip of ground 4 

